In class: review of Puritan Beliefs
reading and annotating Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards for the rhetorical devices of logos, ethos and pathos. (class handout / copy below)
- Puritan Beliefs. Contrary to their stereotype, the Puritans were not killjoys when it came to appreciation of art and music; nor did they disapprove of the enjoyment of sex within marriage. The Puritans did, however, hold firmly to their faith and disapproved of other avenues to knowing God's will (for example, the teachings of Anne Hutchinson, Quakerism). Puritans believed in the depravity of man, and they believed that only God's chosen elect would be saved. Moreover, they truly believed that God and Satan were active presences in the natural world around them; natural signs must be read to see God's will or to discover Satan's tricks. The Salem Puritan community was keenly aware of its own insecure position in regard to faith (who was saved? who wasn't? how could you tell?), good health, financial position, social status, and geography. Old England was a long way away, and the new world was fraught with peril, not the least of which was the harsh terrain itself and the Native peoples. Anything or anyone that attempted to undermine the church, civic authority, or the cohesion of the community was viewed as a threat. Indeed, fear—of isolation, of death, of chaos, of loss of faith—was very real. To the Puritans, tragedy could occur in the blink of an eye.
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
by Jonathan Edwards
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
We find it easy to tread on and crush a worm that we see crawling on the earth;
so it is easy for us to cut or singe a slender thread that any thing hangs by; thus
easy is it for God when he pleases to cast his enemies down to hell.…
They are now the objects of that very same anger and wrath of God, that is
expressed in the torments of hell. And the reason why they do not go down to hell
at each moment, is not because God, in whose power they are, is not then very
angry with them; as angry as he is with many miserable creatures now tormented
in hell, who there feel and bear the fierceness of his wrath. Yea, God is a great deal
more angry with great numbers that are now on earth; yea, doubtless, with many
that are now in this congregation, who it may be are at ease, than he is with many
of those who are now in the flames of hell.
So that it is not because God is unmindful of their wickedness, and does not
resent it, that he does not let loose his hand and cut them off. God is not altogether
such an one as themselves, though they may imagine him to be so. The wrath of
God burns against them, their damnation does not slumber; the pit is prepared, the
fire is made ready, the furnace is now hot, ready to receive them; the flames do
now rage and glow. The glittering sword is whet, and held over them, and the pit
hath opened her mouth under them.…
Unconverted men walk over the pit of hell on a rotten covering, and there are
innumerable places in this covering so weak that they will not bear their weight,
and these places are not seen. The arrows of death fly unseen at noonday; the
sharpest sight cannot discern them. God has so many different unsearchable ways
of taking wicked men out of the world and sending them to hell, that there is
nothing to make it appear, that God had need to be at the expense of a miracle, or
FROM SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD
2
The Americans © McDougal Littell Inc.
go out of the ordinary course of his providence, to destroy any wicked man, at any
moment.…
So that, thus it is that natural men are held in the hand of God, over the pit of
hell; they have deserved the fiery pit, and are already sentenced to it; and God is
dreadfully provoked, his anger is as great towards them as to those that are
actually suffering the executions of the fierceness of his wrath in hell; and they
have done nothing in the least to appease or abate that anger, neither is God in the
least bound by any promise to hold them up one moment; the devil is waiting for
them, hell is gaping for them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would
fain lay hold on them, and swallow them up; the fire pent up in their own hearts is
struggling to break out: and they have no interest in any Mediator, there are no
means within reach that can be any security to them. In short, they have no refuge,
nothing to take hold of.…
The bow of God’s wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and
justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the
mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or
obligation at all, that keeps the arrow one moment from being made drunk with
your blood. Thus all you that never passed under a great change of heart, by the
mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; all you that were never born
again, and made new creatures, and raised from being dead in sin, to a state of
new, and before altogether unexperienced light and life, are in the hands of an
angry God. However you may have reformed your life in many things, and may
have had religious affections, and may keep up a form of religion in your families
and closets, and in the house of God, it is nothing but his mere pleasure that keeps
you from being this moment swallowed up in everlasting destruction.…
The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some
loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath
towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be
cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are
ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most hateful venomous
serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn
rebel did his prince; and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling
into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go
to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you
closed your eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given, why you have
not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God’s hand has held
you up. There is no other reason to be given why you have not gone to hell, since
you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful
wicked manner of attending his solemn worship. Yea, there is nothing else that
is to be given as a reason why you do not this very moment drop down into hell.
O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath,
a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the
hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as
against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames
of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it
FROM SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD
3
The Americans © McDougal Littell Inc.
asunder; and you have no interest in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to
save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own,
nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare
you one moment.…
It is everlasting wrath. It would be dreadful to suffer this fierceness and wrath of
Almighty God one moment; but you must suffer it to all eternity. There will be no
end to this exquisite horrible misery. When you look forward, you shall see a long
forever, a boundless duration before you, which will swallow up your thoughts,
and amaze your soul; and you will absolutely despair of ever having any
deliverance, any end, any mitigation, any rest at all. You will know certainly
that you must wear out long ages, millions of millions of ages, in wrestling and
conflicting with this almighty merciless vengeance; and then when you have so
done, when so many ages have actually been spent by you in this manner, you
will know that all is but a point to what remains. So that your punishment will
indeed be infinite. Oh, who can express what the state of a soul in such
circumstances is! All that we can possibly say about it, gives but a very feeble,
faint representation of it; it is inexpressible and inconceivable: For “who knows
the power of God’s anger?”
How dreadful is the state of those that are daily and hourly in the danger of this
great wrath and infinite misery! But this is the dismal case of every soul in this
congregation that has not been born again, however moral and strict, sober and
religious, they may otherwise be.…
And now you have an extraordinary opportunity, a day wherein Christ has
flung the door of mercy wide open, and stands in the door calling and crying
with a loud voice to poor sinners; a day wherein many are flocking to him, and
pressing into the kingdom of God. Many are daily coming from the east, west,
north, and south; many that were very lately in the same miserable condition that
you are in, are in now a happy state, with their hearts filled with love to him who
has loved them, and washed them from their sins in his own blood, and rejoicing
in hope of the glory of God. How awful is it to be left behind at such a day! To see
so many others feasting, while you are pining and perishing! To see so many
rejoicing and singing for joy of heart, while you have cause to mourn for sorrow of
heart, and howl for vexation of spirit! How can you rest one moment in such a
condition?…
Therefore let every one that is out of Christ, now awake and fly from the wrath
to come.…
______________________________
Directions: Read and annotate
Jonathan Edwards Sinners at the Angry Hands of God for the rhetorical devices
of logos, ethos and pathos.
Logos
1.________________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________________
Ethos
1.________________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________________
Pathos
1.________________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________________
Free choice: label and give the example
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
No comments:
Post a Comment